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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing?
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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing (1998)(Marshall Media)[Mac-PC].iso
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00087_Field_frep29a.txt
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1996-12-30
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SIMPLE CELLS
Shown here are three typical
receptive-field maps for simple
cells. The effective stimuli for
these cells are (a) a slit
covering the plus (+) region, (b)
a dark line covering the minus
(-) region, and (c) a light-dark
edge falling on the boundary
between plus and minus.
For the most part, we can
predict the responses of simple
cells to complicated shapes
from their responses to small-
spot stimuli. Like retinal
ganglion cells, geniculate
cells, and circularly symmetric
cortical cells, each simple cell
has a small, clearly delineated
receptive field within which a
small spot of light produces
either on or off responses,
depending on where in the field
the spot falls. The difference
between these cells and cells at
earlier levels is in the geometry
of the maps of excitation and
inhibition. Cells at earlier
stages have maps with circular
symmetry, consisting of one
region, on or off, surrounded by
the opponent region, off or on.
Cortical simple cells are more
complicated. The excitatory and
inhibitory domains are always
separated by a straight line or
by two parallel lines, as shown
in the three drawings to the
left. Of the various
possibilities, the most common
is the one in which a long,
narrow region giving excitation
is flanked on both sides by
larger regions giving
inhibition, as shown in the
first drawing (a).
To test the predictive value
of the maps made with small
spots, we can now try other
shapes. We soon learn that the
more of a region a stimulus
fills, the stronger is the
resultant excitation or
inhibition; that is, we find
spatial summation of effects. We
also find antagonism, in which
we get a mutual cancellation of
responses on stimulating two
opposing regions at the same
time. Thus for a cell with a
receptive-field map like that
shown in the first drawing (a), a
long, narrow slit is the most
potent stimulus, provided it is
positioned and oriented so as to
cover the excitatory part of the
field without invading the
inhibitory part (see the
following illustration). Even
the slightest misorientation
causes the slit to miss some of
the excitatory area and to
invade the antagonistic
inhibitory part, with a
consequent decline in
response.